Trepanation is a surgical practice that has been carried out since prehistory to treat post-traumatic epilepsy, migraine, and psychiatric illness. Trepanation is one of the oldest surgical interventions carried out as treatment for cranial trauma and neurological diseases, but it also had the magical and religious purpose of expelling the evil spirits which caused the mental illness, epilepsy, or migraine symptoms.
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The book mentions trepanation frequently and illustrates how to practice it and which instruments are required to perform it. The present work begins with the analysis of trepanations since prehistory and illustrates the practice of the trepanation in The Egyptian. An example is The Egyptian, the book by Mika Waltari that provides a masterly narration of the protagonist's medical activity and describes the trepanation technique. Medicine and literature have been linked from ancient times proof of this shown by the many doctors who have made contributions to literature and the many writers who have described medical activities and illnesses in their works. This article summarizes the available evidence attesting to the performance of successful primitive cranial surgery in ancient China. The lack of translation of Chinese reports into the English language and the lack of publications on this topic in the English language may have contributed to the misconception that ancient China was devoid of trepanation. Medical and historical works from Chinese literature contain descriptions of primitive neurosurgical procedures, including stories of surgeons, such as the legendary Hua Tuo, and surgical techniques used for the treatment of brain pathologies. Trepanation was likely performed for therapeutic and spiritual reasons. A significant number of trepanned Chinese skulls have been unearthed showing signs of healing and suggesting that patients survived after surgery. However, a thorough analysis of the available archeological and literary evidence reveals that trepanation was widely practiced throughout China thousands of years ago. Little is known about trepanation in China, and it is commonly believed that the Chinese used only traditional Chinese medicine and nonsurgical methods for treating brain injuries. There is widespread evidence of contributions made to this practice by ancient civilizations in Europe, Africa, and South America, where archaeologists have unearthed thousands of trepanned skulls dating back to the Neolithic period. Trepanation, the process of making a burr hole in the skull to access the brain, is an ancient form of a primitive craniotomy. Copyright © 2016 Sociedad Española de NeurocirugÃa. This particular trepanation procedure has no relationship with modern Neurosurgery, or with trepanations with therapeutic purposes performed since the Greco-Roman period in Europe, and afterwards around the world. Although trepanation in primitive cultures is widespread around the world, and throughout time, the main fields of interest are the Neolithic Period in Europe, the pre-Columbian Period in Andean South America, and some contemporaneous Pacific and African tribes. Indications for trepanation are speculative, perhaps magic. There are a surprisingly high percentage of cases showing signs of post- trepanation survival. The techniques, technology, and instruments for every type of trepanation are well known. Pseudotrepanation and other types of cranial manipulation are reviewed. Squier of a pre-Columbian trepanated skull, and studied by Paul Broca in Paris. The scientific interest in this topic began after the discovery in 1965 by Ephraim G. Ī review is presented on cranial trepanations performed by primitive cultures.
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